INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the effectiveness of prostate volume (PV), PSA density (PSAD) and free/total PSA ratio (f/tPSA) on detection of prostate cancer (PCa) and clinically significant PCa, in patients with PSA <10ng/mL and 10.1-30ng/mL.
METHODS: The data of 1682 men who underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsy in our clinic between January 2015 and June 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Clinical significant PCa was defined as Gleason score 7 or above.
RESULTS: 778 patients with the available data of age, total-free PSA levels and PV calculated by TRUS were included in the study. In patients with PSA <10ng/mL, it was found that both PV and PSAD were independent predictors of PCa. However, only PV was found to be an independent predictor of PCa in patients with PSA >10ng/mL. ROC analysis revealed a cut-off value of PV as 51.5 cc in patients with PSA <10ng/mL and a cut-off value of PV as 62.5 cc in patients with PSA >10ng/mL. ROC analysis revealed a cut-off value of PSAD as 0.099 in patients with PSA <10ng/mL. According to the recommended cut-off values for PV and PSAD in the PSA <10ng/mL group, there was a significant difference between patients with and without clinically significant cancer while there was no significant difference according to the cut-off value recommended for PV in the PSA >10ng/mL group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: PV is seen as one step ahead of PSAD and f/tPSA. PV may play an active role in desicion making for prostate biopsy but this findings should be confirmed with further studies.

INTRODUCTION: Some of the chemotherapeutics can inflict the cardiac damage, especially anthracyclines. In our study we evaluate to effect of anthracyclines on frontal QRS‐T angle in patients with leukemia.
METHODS: A total of 39 leukemia patients who take anthracyclines were included in this retrospective study. All patients underwent 12‐lead surface electrocardiograms (ECGs) and echocardiography just before and after the anthracyclines. 14 patients were taken doxorubicin and 25 patients were taken idarubicin. QT interval, QTc interval, Tp‐e interval, Tp‐e/QT, Tp‐e/QTc and frontal QRS‐T angle were calculated from 12‐lead ECGs.
RESULTS: In all, 39 patients(23% females) were enrolled in our study. Mean age of patients is
40 ±15 years. QT interval (360 ± 32 vs. 368 ± 27.1, P = 0.161), QTc interval (400 ± 6.4 vs. 404 ± 20, P = 0.276), Tp‐e interval (80.17 ± 14.2 vs. 84.3 ± 13 P = 0.248). More importantly, frontal QRS‐T angle (17.5 ±17 vs. 16.5 ±14, P = 0.692) was not significantly before and after chemotherapy. In addition, Tp‐e/QT (0.22 ± 0.04 vs. 0.23 ± 0.04, P = 0.543) and Tp‐e/QTc (0.20 ± 0.03 vs. 0.20 ± 0.04, P = 0.313) were not significantly changed after chemotherapy. When we made subgroup analysis we found same results.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Both doxorubicin and epirubicin-based chemotherapy did not change the ECG parameter in early phase because of the lower dose. They can be used safely in patient with leukemia.

Foreign body ingestion is a common problem in pediatric population. Most of the ingestions may be managed expectantly. However, magnet ingestions require more complex and careful evaluation due to possible severe complications. Multiple magnet ingestions or ingestion of a magnet with another metal object is the most dangerous type and may lead to perforation of immature bowel of the children. Management includes endoscopic removal, surgical removal or expectant management depending on the location and number of magnets ingested. Preventive measures have been put into effect by some governments in the past. The number of cases is in a declining trend. Due to serious outcomes, physicians should keep the magnet ingestion in differential diagnosis in both primary or advanced care centers.

Cystic hygroma/Lymphangiomas are lymphatic system abnormalities which are rarely seen in adult population. They arise from lymphatic system and occurs as result of proliferation of lymphatic vascular cells. They are usually located at cervical region. They also can be located at other body regions such as axilla, retroperitoneal, thoracic and inguinal regions. In this case report we present a 21 years old female patient with cervical lymphangioma.

INTRODUCTION: The cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are an important health problem, which impairs the quality of life of the patients due to the emerging symptoms and complications and cause a serious economic burden on the national economy. The objective of this descriptive and relational study was to determine the level of knowledge of academicians under risk about CVD risk factors.
METHODS: 272 of 329 individuals (73.71%), who meet the inclusion criteria of study and we were able to access constituted our study sample. The Individual Information Form, which was prepared by the investigator, and KARIFF-BD scale were used for the collection of the study data. The questionnaire was forwarded to the academic personnel and they were asked to fulfill it within 20 minutes.
RESULTS: The mean value of the total score of the KARRIF-BD was 20.23±3.49. The protection from CVD subscale scores of female academicians was significantly higher compared to male academicians. We also determined that the total score of the KARRIF-BD scale of participants, who stated that they were informed about the CVD risk factors, was significantly higher than the other group. We found a positive correlation between the waist circumference of the academic personnel and the mean score of the CVD characteristics.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We determined that the knowledge level of the academicians about the cardiac diseases was above average. However, we also observed that some of the participants were at risk of central obesity. We recommend, to provide places for physical exercise, to organize nutrition programs and provide counseling to decrease the risks.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice. Catheter ablation of AF is superior to medical treatment in improving symptoms and maintaining sinus rhythm. Cryoenergy by cryoballoon technique is a new alternative to radiofrequancy ablation and AF recurrence is observed approximately 30% of patients. The aim of this study is to determine the predictors of AF recurrence after cryoballoon ablation.
METHODS: Thirty patients with a mean age of 51,3±10 were included. P wave dispertion was calculated on electrocardiogram before and after the procedure. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed to all subjects before and 6 month after the procedure. All procedural measures were recorded during ablation.
RESULTS: Twenty one (70%) patients were seen with sinus rhythm in the mean follow up (19,5±9,7 months). There was a significant decrease in P wave dispertion in patients without AF recurrence (p=0,011). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that PAF duration (OR= 1,36, %95 CI, 0,81-2,12, p=0,09), pre procedural P wave dispertion (OR=0,58, %95 CI, 0,28-1,21, p=0,011), post-procedural P wave dispertion (OR=2, % 95 CI, 0,82-4,85, p=0,013), post procedural left atrial volume (LAV) (OR=2, %95 CI, 0,82-4,85, p=0,013) and left atrial volume index (LAVI) (OR=1,55, %95 CI, 0,84-2,84, p=0,011) were associated with AF recurrence. Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, left atrial diameter, left ventricular ejection fraction and balon aplication time to each pulmonary vein was not associated with AF recurrence.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our findings represent that AF duration, assesment of P wave dispertion, LAV and LAVI after the procedure can be usefull in predicting AF recurrence after cryobaloon ablation.

INTRODUCTION: Endothelial dysfunction, imbalance in the nitric oxide (NO) and Endotelin-1 (ET-1) play role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension (EH). We aim to investigate relationship between microalbuminuria (MA) and NO, ET-1 levels in the newly diagnosed patients with EH, is also to search relationship between MA and NO, ET-1 levels in patients with dipper and non-dipper HT.
METHODS: Patients above 18 years old with newly diagnosed EH who presented to outpatient nephrology clinic of Bülent Ecevit University Hospital were included into the study(n=54, female=27, age=46,1±12,8 years). NO, Endotelin-1, ambulatory blood pressure, creatine clearance and urinary albumin measurement were done. Whom MA was 30-300mg/day were accepted as positive. A NO value below 64,14 µmol/ was accepted as lower grup, above that assumed as normal grup. ET-1 value of lower than 2,67 pg/ml was low, above that value was accepted as high grup.MA negative patients with EH was accepted as control grup.
RESULTS: Levels of ET-1 and NO were found to be similar among MA positive (n=17) and negative (n=37) patients [60.6 (8.3-111.4) vs. 62.3 (6.6-271.8), p=NS ] and [2.30 (0.32-6.63) vs. 1.59 (0.28-8.87), p=NS ].There were neither correlation of MA with NO nor MA with ET-1.Serum albumin levels were lower in endothelial dysfunction group [3.90 (3.4-4.5) vs. 4.10 (3.8-4.7), p=0.018].There were no significant difference about urinary electrolyte excretion in patients with Dipper and Non-dipper HT.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Recent onset of hypertension, impairment of NO bioavailability and absence of decrease of NO levels can describe similar NO and ET-1 levels in EH with and without microalbumunuria

INTRODUCTION: It is well known that, biologically important processes of pathogens can be affected from host factors during infectious processes. We aimed to investigate the possible effects of various mammalian hormones in different cell lines on growth of a uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strain.
METHODS: Cell monolayers (HEK293, A549, L929, Ishikawa) were cultivated. Two different concentrations of each hormone were analyzed (20 and 200µIU insulin; 0.0017 and 0.04µg/mL norepinephrine; 0.1 and 0.4ng/mL estradiol; 2 and 20ng/mL progesterone; 6 and 60pg/mL melatonin) according to their physiological levels. Bacterium and hormones were inoculated onto each cell cultures. After three hours incubation growths were determined by optical density measurement at 600 nm.
RESULTS: Growth of UPEC has been decreased significantly in the presence of high level estradiol, high level norepinephrine and all levels melatonin (p< 0.05). Besides, HEK293 and Ishikawa cell lines were found to be the most effective on growth of pathogen in the presence of different hormones. The coexistence of Ishikawa and all types of hormones except progesterone were shown to be enhanced the growth of UPEC (p< 0.05). The coexistence of HEK293+insulin and HEK293+estradiol reduced the growth of UPEC; whereas HEK293+melatonin and HEK293+progesteron enhanced the growth significantly (p< 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Mammalian hormones and different host conditions determine the pathogenicity of infectious diseases as environmental factors because which could affect microorganisms’ behaviors.

INTRODUCTION: The algorithm for difficult intubation must be reviewed carefully and necessary instruments must be prepared in order to minimize morbidity and complications linked with intubation and extubation. Fiberoptic intubation by an experienced anesthesiologist can constitute a good alternative in cases necessitating urgent establishment of airway.To compare the changes in hemodynamic and respiratory parameters following endotracheal intubation with the use of flexible bronchoscope in the early stages of learning curve.

METHODS: In this retrospective study data extracted from the medical files of a total of 50 patients who were intubated with the aid of flexible bronchoscope prior to various surgical procedures was analyzed. Baseline descriptive, anthropometric measurements, anesthesiological data were noted. Alterations in these parameters before and after induction as well as subsequent to intubation were investigated.


RESULTS: We observed that mean systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate decreased significantly after induction, but it increased after intubation. Arterial oxygen saturation (saO2) level remain unchanged, and there was no significant difference between after induction and after intubation. There was a statistically significant increase in end tidal carbon dioxide (etCO2) after intubation.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that fiberoptic intubation does not prolong the duration of procedure and does not lead to adverse respiratory or cardiovascular outcomes. Trainees who are in the beginning of their learning curve for FOI can perform this safe and practical procedure in normal patients before difficult airway cases.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited data in the literature regarding the effect of scar tissue on left ventricular (LV) repolarization process in patients with cardiomyopathy. The aim of present study is to evaluate the acute effect of ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation on dispersion of LV repolarization which is suggested to play a role in initiating and sustaining arrhythmia.
METHODS: A total of 27 consecutive patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy who had undergone VT ablation constituted our study population. Electrocardiographic recordings obtained at the time of hospitalization and after the procedure were retrospectively evaluated for the QTc dispersion, Tp-Te interval and Tp-Te/QT ratio which are suggested to be noninvasive markers of dispersion of ventricular repolarization. Significance of difference between electrocardiographic parameters obtained before and after VT ablation was evaluated.
RESULTS: There was no significant difference between pre- and post ablation state regarding QTc dispersion (47.8 ± 28.3 msec vs 42.4 ± 16.0 msec, p: 0.42), Tp-Te interval (derivation V5; 92.2 ± 26.6 msec vs 96.4 ± 24.9 msec, p: 0.40) and Tp-Te/QT ratio (derivation V5; 0.21 ± 0.06 vs 0.22 ± 0.06, p: 0.43).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: VT ablation did not alter electrocardiographic parameters that are assumed to represent heterogeneity and transmural dispersion of repolarization in the immediate post procedure state.

INTRODUCTION: Carbonmonoxide (CO) intoxication is a disease with high mortality rates. In this study, we aimed to emphasize the importance of seasonal changes in emergency unit admissions and believe that symptoms of CO intoxication, which are commonly general and demostrate a low possibility to facilitate diagnosis, may increase the awareness on diagnosing, and that the demographic data and 1-year mortality evaluation of patients with CO intoxication may contribute to the duration of emergency unit stay and hospitalization recommendations of the treatment in addition to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
METHODS: The data system of the hospital was retrospectively investigated and patients who had presented to the Emergency Medicine Clinics of our hospital within a 4 year period (01.01.2015 – 01.12.2019), and who had a blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) gas level of 10%, were determined.
RESULTS: The study included a total of 411 patients; among these, 160 were female and 251 were male. Admission was highest in January, with 63 patients with CO intoxication (15.33%). We observed mortality in 17 patients (4.14%). 1-year mortality was higher in fall, compared to winter and spring (p=0.008). However, no significant difference was observed regarding seasons (p=0.685). No seasonal difference was observed in patients with non-specific symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and dizziness, and diagnosed CO intoxication.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Incidence of carbonmonoxide intoxication increases during winter. Precautions that lead to awareness of the physicians for patients who present to emergency units, especially with non-specific symptoms at times of seasonal and climate changes.

INTRODUCTION: Hydrocephalus commonly cause serious challenges in airway management of newborn and paediatric patients, leading to enlarged head and distortion of skull anatomy. This result in difficulty for conventional laryngoscopy by hindering positioning of head. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between anatomic features and the signs of difficult intubation in paediatric patients undergoing shunt surgery.
METHODS: Sixty patients requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion were enrolled. Patients divided into three groups based on >1 month of age with hydrocephalus (n=20), newborn with hydrocephalus (n=20) and newborn without hydrocephalus (n=20). Head circumference, the lower and upper lip-chin distance, sternomental and thyromental distance, Cormack-Lehane Classification scores were recorded. The number of attempts for successful intubation, presence of optimization maneuvers were also recorded. The difficulty of intubation was evaluated with a 10 cm VAS ruler. All patients were intubated by the same anaesthesiologist.
RESULTS: The ASA scores, number of intubation attempts, and the frequency of optimization maneuvers were significantly lower in neonates without hydrocephalus as compared to patients with hydrocephalus (p˂0.05). The tragus-to-chin distance was decreased in the neonates with hydrocephalus in comparison with those without hydrocephalus. The Cormack-Lehane grade III was significantly increased while the Cormack-Lehane grade I was significantly decreased in neonates with hydrocephalus (p<0.05). Whereas 45% of the neonates with hydrocephalus were intubated at the second attempt, the rate was only 10% in control group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the risk of difficult intubation increases in paediatric patients with hydrocephalus.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate whether GRACE, TIMI, and HEART scores were reliable in predicting the major cardiac events (MACE) for six weeks of duration in patients older than 65 years, who were followed-up with the suspicion of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
METHODS: This single-center prospective observational study included patients over the age of 65 years who had presented to the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary hospital with acute chest pain. The development of MACE that had occurred within 6 weeks following the ED admission was evaluated
RESULTS: A total of 181 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 73.9 years, and 61.9% were male. During six weeks of follow-up, MACE developed in 22 (12%) patients. MACE was observed in one (6.6%) of 15 patients with a HEART score of ≤ 3 points, in 6 (11.3%) of 53 patients with a TIMI score of ≤ 2 points, and in 4 (8.7%) of 46 patients with a GRACE score of <110 points. In the ROC analysis of the risk scores, the area under the curve (AUC) was found to be 0.59 (95% CI = 0.435-0.684) for HEART, 0.505 (95% CI = 0.386 - 0.624) for TIMI, and 0.603 (95% CI = 0.479-0.727) for GRACE.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The HEART, TIMI, and GRACE risk scores were lower in the MACE prediction over a six weeks period in patients over 65 years of age who had presented with chest pain suspected of acute coronary syndrome compared to the general population.

INTRODUCTION: It was carried out to determine the complementary / holistic treatments approaches and use situations of nursing students in reducing stress in their school and daily lives.
METHODS: In the research, mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) was used. The research was carried out with 132 students without selecting the sample. Answering the questions took about 15 minutes. In the analysis of students' introductory features, number and percentage, and thematic analysis method was used for open-ended questions.
RESULTS: 77.27% (n = 102) of the students “recommend and use” complementary / holistic treatments, 6.07% (n = 8) “do not recommend and use” and 16.66% (n = 22) They answered “I have no idea”.The applications they made to reduce their stress are gathered under six headings.At the same time, 53.03% (n = 70) of the students defined the general effects of complementary / holistic treatments, while 46.96% (n = 62) defined the special effects.52.85% (n = 37) of those who defined the general impact stated that they were not positive, 35.71% (n = 25) were negative and 11.42% (n = 8) were not sure.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It has been determined that nursing students use complementary / holistic treatments to reduce their stress in school and daily life and need more information on these issues. For this reason, it may be recommended that students be informed about complementary / holistic therapies during the education period and learn methods that reduce stress by practicing professionals.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to analyze the cochlear functions in patients with Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS).
METHODS: The study designed as a prospective case-control study. Twenty-eight female and two male patients diagnosed with FMS according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2010 criteria were included in the study. The control group consisted of 31 healthy age, gender and body mass index (BMI) matched subjects. Participants' sociodemographic data (age, gender, height, weight) were recorded. Otoacoustic emission tests (AOETs); distortion products (DP) and transient emission (TE) values were evaluated in FMS and control groups.
RESULTS: : Our study group consisted of 28 females and 2 males at the age of 42.9 ± 10.6 years. The mean BMI was 30.1 ± 5 kg / m2. Our control group consisted of 27 females and 4 males aged 38.3 ±
15.1 years. The mean BMI was 29.4 ± 2.4 kg / m 2. Both groups were similar in age, sex, and BMI.
Lower results were observed in most of different frequencies at AOETs in our FMS group. The hearing assessments at frequencies between 250 and 8.000 Hz showed a significant difference between the two groups (high hearing frequencies in the FMS group) in audiometry.


DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Ýn FMS patients, cochlea may be more affected at higher frequencies and it may cause cochlear, hair cell dysfunction in these patients.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep disorders are common in individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). The aim of this study was to compare the polysomnography parameters and FMS-related functional status in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and FMS.
METHODS: Twenty-two patients diagnosed with OSAS and 17 patients with simple snoring detected by polysomnography were included in the study. FMS was diagnosed according to American Rheumatology Association (ACR) 2010 criteria for both group patients. The demographic data, polysomnographic parameters and the Fibromyalgia impact questionnaire data of both groups were compared statistically. In addition, the correlation between polysomnography parameters and fibromyalgia impact questionnaire values was examined.
RESULTS: Fibromyalgia impact questionnaire value was significantly higher in the group with simple snoring and FMS (p = 0.028). No statistically significant relationship was found between polysomnography parameters and fibromyalgia effect questionnaire.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In our study, no significant correlation was found between OSAS severity and FMS-related functional status.

INTRODUCTION: This study assesses the results of patients referred by KETEM (Cancer Early Diagnosis Screening and Education Center) to our hospital as a result of a recall, providing the viewpoint of a secondary level center.
METHODS: The study included patients who underwent a mammography at KETEM and who were referred to our department through a recall between January 2016 and October 2019. The assessment parameters included the rates at which the patients bringing report and mammography images, US BIRADS category, true positives, false positives, ppv and cancer detection rates.
RESULTS: The average age of the 409 patients was 52 years. Of the patients, 94.4% underwent a US examination without previous access to mammography images. In the 21 BIRADS 4 and 5 patients with histopathological data, the true positivity rate was 16, the false positivity rate was 5, and PPV was 76%. The cancer detection rate was 16/409 (39.1‰); the detection rate for minimally invasive cancer was 4/16; the size of the malignant mass varied from 7 to 40 mm; and symptoms such as breast stiffness, palpable mass and skin retraction were noted in nine of the patients diagnosed with malignancy.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The main issue experienced at a secondary level is the need to perform US without first accessing mammography images. The approach is used not only for screening at KETEM, but also for diagnostic purposes, and so the rates of detected cancer are higher than from screening programs. There is a need to revise the functioning of screening programs also in secondary level.

Because the prognosis and health status deteriorates with each exacerbation, the main objective of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treatment is to reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations. Although the increase in COPD exacerbations and the higher number of hospital admissions during the winter season have been well known for years, the exact mechanism by which exposure to meteorological factors can increase the risk of morbidity remains unclear. Some studies have found inconsistent associations because temperature thresholds for cold or hot change by geographic location. Cold effect is higher than heat effect on COPD, especially elderly. Temperature-related mortality has a latent period. Respiratory infections and air pollution may modify the effect of temperature. Early identification of risk factors for exacerbation may help to prevent high-risk COPD patients from suffering an exacerbation and improve their quality of life.

INTRODUCTION: To determine the correlation between the results of Pap Smear and colposcopic examination and cervical sampling of HPV positive patients.
METHODS: Between January 2014 and June 2016, 148 patients, aged 25-80 years, who were admitted to Adnan Menderes University Obstetrics and Gynecology Outpatient Clinic were included in the study. Descriptive characteristics of patients such as age, body mass index, gravida, parity, smoking, menopausal status and comorbidities, and HPV-DNA, Pap Smear, colposcopy and LEEP results were recorded.
RESULTS: Cytology results of 56(%34,57) patients were ASCUS, LSIL of 50(%30,86), HSIL of 15(%9,26), HPV-DNA test results were positive for type 16 and / or 18 in eighty (%49,38) and positive for other HPV types in fifty (%30,86). Colposcopic examination revealed pathological findings in 122 (75.31%) patients. As a result of cytology, normal pathological examination rates in patients with ASCUS and LSIL, CIN 2-3 rates in patients with ASC-H and cervical cancer rates in AGC patients were significantly higher than others (p<0.001). No significant correlation was found between HPV-DNA results and cervical biopsy results according to HPV negativity or types (p=0.132). Normal pathological examination rates were significantly higher in patients without abnormal findings on colposcopic examination(p=0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We believe that the results of our study will contribute to the literature on the prevalence and type distribution of HPV in our region, the relationship between Pap Smear, HPV-DNA, colposcopy results and final pathological examination results. Multicenter studies with sufficient sample size and control groups are needed in this field.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aim to determine the restless legs syndrome (RLS) frequency and its sociodemographic characteristics and to evaluate the relationship between the RLS, sleep quality and on shift-work.
METHODS: 335 healthcare workers of the Private Buhara Hospital voluntarily included in this study in October 2019. All participants were applied RLS Diagnostic Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). cases diagnosed with RLS were applied RLS Severity Evaluating Scale
RESULTS: 40 (11%) of the participants were medical doctos, 125 (%37,3) were nurses, midwives and health officers (37.3%) and 170 (50.7%) were auxiliary health personnel. A total 88 healtycare worker were diagnosed with RLS and its prevalence was calculated as 26%. PSQI score was significantly higher in cases with RLS than non-RLS participants.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: RLS and higher RLS severity were found to be associated with poor sleep quality. Therefore, individuals with excessive daytime sleepiness and sleeping disorder should be evaluated for RLS and treated as required. shift-work detoriorates the sleep quality and leads to excessive daytime sleepiness. To increase the occupational safety and efficiency, long working hours and conditions of the healthcare workers should be regulated.

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) is the first line of treatment for renal stones with large, multiple or lower pole calix. Colon injury; is a rare but serious complication of PNL. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are vital in colon injury. Presence of retorenal colon as a risk factor for colon injury after PNL. In this study; Preoperative radiological examination revealed retrorenal colon and colon injury after PNL were evaluated retrospectively.
METHODS: The records of patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy with the diagnosis of kidney stones were retrospectively reviewed. Renal anatomy, the structure of the stones or stones and the retrorenal colon were examined by supine position noncontrast tomography.
RESULTS: As a result of the evaluation of age, sex, previous abdominal surgery history, side of stone, BMI data; age and low BMI were determined as risk factors for retrorenal colon (table 1). Retrorenal colon was also found to be a statistically significant risk factor for colon injury (p <0.001) (table 1). There was no colon injury in any patient with no retorenal colon.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Colon injury; It is a rare but serious complication of PNL. Presence of retorenal colon; It is a risk factor for colon injury during PNL operation. Iatrogenic colon injury may occur during PNL, even if retrorenal colon is detected on preoperative abdominal tomography. Therefore, it should be kept in mind that colon injury may occur after PNL, especially in patients with low BMI.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare Hysterosalpingography and Laparoscopy as the two methods for evaluation of tubal pathologies in infertile patients and assess sensitivity and specificity of HSG. In addition, we aimed to evaluate a retrospective data of our tertiary referral center.
METHODS: Tubal pathologies were evaluated both with HSG and Laparoscopy in 288 patients who consulted to the infertility clinic. Data obtained with HSG is analysed based on laparoscopic findings where it is considered as the gold standard method.
RESULTS: In all patients, positive predictive value (PPV) of HSG was 81,1% and negative predictive value (NPV) was 53,2%. The patients were analyzed based on primary and secondary infertility where PPVs were 79,2% and 83,3% and NPVs were 56,7% and 48,5%, respectively. The sensitivity and spesificity were 59,5% and 76,9% for all patients, 59,4% and 77,3% for patients with primary infertility and 59,5% and 76,2% for secondary patients, respectively.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: While the sensitivity and spesificity measures for HSG were in agreement with the current literature, Negative predictive values were low marking that laparoscopy should be considered to confirm tubal occlusions which could be overlooked by HSG.